The Effect Of Content Based Instruction

The Effect Of Content Based InstructionContent-Based Instruction (CBI) as an greet has been defined as an approach to gage expression command in which teaching is organized around the capacity or information that students will acquire, sooner than around a lingual or other type of course of guidance (Richard and Rodgers, 2001, p. 204). In this case, squ are upers learn about some skills instead of learning about quarrel. This teaching approach combines nomenclature and depicted object, so it is considered as an effective teaching system by many researchers.CBI can be used in various ways for different skills and includes not only traditional teaching methods such as grammar-based instruction but also functional method such as Communicative Language Teaching. CBI is also supported by Krashens Monitor Model. According to this model, when learners percolate comprehensible input, it is less difficult to learn the target language. And as a result, they can acquire it. And CB I has some features, including learning a language through pedantic skills and engaging in activities, that lead to meaningful and comprehensible input.II. BackgroundCommunicative Language Teaching (CLT) indicates a major change in language teaching in twentieth century. The origins of CLT can be found in the changes in the British language teaching tradition. Until then, Situational Language Teaching was the major British approach to the teaching English as a foreign language. CLT centers on giving students opportunities to practice using communicative function. In these activities, students use English to learn it rather than learning to use English.Among the practices of communicative-based methods, CBI is one of the approaches that its popularity and applicability have been increased since the 1990s. Saint Augustine do some recommendations regarding focussing on meaningful content in language teaching. This can be the reason that some researchers, including Brinton, Snow and Wesche, suggest that Saint Augustine was an early proponent of Content-Based Language Teaching.In the 1970s, other educational plans had been designed. They all show the principle of acquiring content through language rather than the study of language. Although there are slight differences in their aims, all the models agree with the role of language as a means of learning content. CBI took some of its theory and design from these plans. I will briefly take into account the role of content in these plans.Language across the Curriculum is a suggestion for native language education. It was recommended by a British governmental commission in the 1970s. It emphasizes a focus on reading and writing in different subjects. It also had an effect on American education, and the slogan all teacher, an English teacher became well-known to every instructor. However, this suggestion didnt have an influential effect on classrooms.Immersion Education had an effect on the theory of CBI as well. In this plan, the ordinary school platform is taught through the foreign language. The foreign language is not the subject of instruction. In fact, its a means for achieving content instruction. For example, a Spanish speaking child whitethorn enter an elementary school where the language of instruction for the entire content subject is French. Since the 1970s, immersion programs have been used in many parts of northerly America, and new forms of immersion have been planned. In the United States, immersion program can be considered in a number of languages, including French, German, Spanish, Japanese, and Chinese.Immigrant On-Arrival Program usually gives oversight on the language of those immigrants who are recently arrived. Immigrants need to know the language of the country they live in. Australia was the first country that designed such a course. For a particular situation, notional, functional and grammatical instructions are integrated. And its usual course covers those parts of language that are needed to deal with government organization, shopping, finding a job, and so on. Australia uses Direct Method as the methodology of recently arrived immigrants.Programs for Students with Limited English Proficiency are used for two groups of children. First, these programs are used for those children whose language competence is not adequately developed in order to participate in normal classrooms. Second, they are used for those children who have immigrated to another country, and their parents participate in immigrant on-arrival program. These programs try to make children ready in order to be able to enter the normal classrooms.Language for Specific Purposes (LSP) is an attempt in order to realize particular roles (e.g. student, nurse, teacher, businessman, engineer, and technician) according to the needs of learners. LSP has paid special attention on English for Science and Technology (EST). In EST courses, learners learn to read technical articles or to w rite academic papers in different fields of science.III. Definition, Theories IdeasCBI involves the integration of content learning with language teaching. It refers to the concurrent study of language and subject matter. In other words, students are learning content (e.g. math, science, social studies, business, etc) at the same time they are developing their target language skills. There is also a variety of definitions of content. Some researchers believe that content is clearly an academic subject matter while others believe that it can be any topic, theme or issue of interest.It is indicated that language learning is more motivating when learners focus on something other than language. It can also be stated as people learn a second language most successfully when the information they are acquiring is perceived as interesting, useful, and leading to a desired goal (Richard Rodgers, 2001, p. 204).Usually, language is used for some purposes. And the purpose may refer to peoples jobs and education. So, its obvious that when peoples purposes are achieved through language learning, it will make gaining language knowledge a cud easier. Also, CBI classrooms can produce an increase in infixed motivation, since students are focus on subject matter that is important to their lives. And, students are beyond temporary external factors, like grades and tests. It can also be declared as when language becomes the medium to convey informational content of interest and relevance to the learner, then learners are pointed toward matters of intrinsic concern (Brown, 2001, p. 49).CBI shares the same basic principles with CLT and can be regarded as a logical development of some of the principles of CLT, particularly those rules that relate to the role of meaning in language learning. Because CBI provides an approach that is especially suited prepare ESL students to enter elementary or secondary education, it is widely used in English-speaking countries around the world.A d ifference between CBI and other kinds of language syllabus is how the elements for language study are selected. For example, in a grammatical syllabus, the items that are supposed to be well-read are grammar points. They are selected in advance either by second language researcher or by teachers judgments about what grammar points should be presented first, second, third, and so on. The syllabus can even be determined by the course textbook. However, in CBI classrooms, the form and sequence of language syllabus are determined by content material. Instead of having a pre-selected grammar syllabus or list of vocabulary items, the grammar and vocabulary that are supposed to be learned come from the content material. So, it can be stated that since CBI refers to an approach rather than a method, no particular techniques or activities are related with it.IV. Assessment in CBI ClassesAssessment in CBI classes can be problematic, but it is essential that teachers should evaluate learners learning. Usually in EFL classes, a learners performance is evaluated by assessment tasks such as discrete, de-contextualized tasks. And their central focus is on linguistic structure or vocabulary. However, students in CBI classes cannot be evaluated in the traditional way because they are exposed to more input and content through the class. Instead, CBI assessment essential be simultaneously authentic and interactive. Students are required to interact with academic materials according to meaningful and contextualized text in order to analyze their knowledge. Also, assessment of CBI should not be simple and isolated. Students must integrate information in order to form their own opinions about subject matter.V. Models of CBIIn the 1980s, four models are made according to the principles of CBI. These models can only be applied at the university levels. The examples of the most common models of CBI are theme-based language instruction, and sheltered content instruction. Theme-based language instruction refers to a kind of class that is based on a particular theme or topic such human rights or discrimination. Sheltered content instruction refers to a kind of class that learning of content material with only incidental language learning is considered as the goal.VI. ConclusionToday, Content-based courses are frequent in different countries since the 1980s, and this method is often used in ESP (English for Specific Purposes) classes where the content of input plays a significant role. It has been indicated that vocabulary is easier to acquire when there are contextual clues in order to make a connection between vocabulary and meaning. Moreover, when learners become aware of the relation between language learning and their promote goals, they become even more motivated to learn. Learners feel that learning is a kind of impressive thing because they know that they are studying authentic content material (not material that are made for all the foreign learners) in the target language. They know that it is a means to an end rather than an end in itself. It has also been proved to be a valid approach for language teaching at all stages of instruction, from elementary school to university levels, both in second or foreign language teaching settings.Generally CBI advocates claim that this approach leads to more successful results in comparison with other language teaching approaches. Because it provides a number of opportunities for teachers in order to match learners interests and needs with interesting, meaningful and contextualized content.

Industrial Pollution And Environmental Sustainability Environmental Sciences Essay

industrial Pollution And Environmental Sustainability Environmental Sciences EssayIndustrial pollution is one of the main causes of pollution worldwide. Apart from health hazards, piss pollution referable to discharge of contaminated water and global warming atomic number 18 several(prenominal) of the harmful effects of industrial pollution. Industry accounts for more than one-half the volume of all water pollution and for the most deadly pollutants. Some 370,000 manufacturing facilities in the United States of America alone use huge quantities of freshwater to drool away wastes of many kinds. The waste-bearing water, or effluent, is discharged into streams, lakes, or oceans, which in turn disperse the polluting substances. In itsNational Water Quality Inventory,reported to Congress in 1996, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency concluded that approximately 40% of the nations surveyed lakes, rivers, and estuaries were too polluted for such basic uses as drinking supply, fishi ng, and swimming. The pollutants include grit,asbestos, phosphatesandnitrates,mercury,lead, caustic washing soda and other sodium compounds,sulfurandsulfuric acid, oils andpetrochemicals.(Sell, 1992)In addition, numerous manufacturing plants pour off undiluted corrosives, poisons, and other noxious byproducts. The construction industry discharges slurries of gypsum, cement, abrasives, metals, and poisonous solvents. some other pervasive group of contaminants entering food chains is thepolychlorinated biphenyl(PCB) compounds, components of lubricants, plastic wrappers, and adhesives. In yet another instance of pollution, hot water discharged by factories and male monarch plants cause thermal pollution by increasing water temperatures. This increase changes the level of oxygen dissolved in a body of water, thereby disrupting the amnionic fluid ecological balance, killing off some plant and animal species while encouraging the overgrowth of others.Global warming is one of the most c ommon and undecomposed consequences of industrial pollution. The emission of respective(a)greenhousegases such as CO2, methane (CH4), among others from various industries, increases the overall temperature of the earth, resulting in global warming. Global warming has various serious hazards, twain on the environment as well as on human health. It results in melting of glaciers and snow-capped mountains, causing an increase of the water levels in seas and rivers, thereby increasing the chances of flood. Apart from this, global warming also has numerous health risks on humans, such as increase of diseases such as malaria and dengue, cholera, Lyme disease and plague, among others.(Freeman, 1995)Industrial pollution, as stated above, is one of the major causes of air pollution. With the increase in the number of industries and factories referable to the industrial revolution air pollution also has increase significantly. The emissions from various industries contain large amounts of gases such as carbon dioxide, sulphur and nitrogen, among others. These gases, when present in elevated levels in the atmosphere, often result in various environmental and health hazards such as acid rain, and various skin disorders in individuals.(Freeman, 1995)Pollution emitted from the industries is also one of the major factors contributing towards water pollution. toss out of various industrial waste products into water sources, and improper contamination of industrial wastes, often result in polluting the water. Such water pollution disturbs the balance of the ecosystem inside, resulting in the death of various animal and plant species present in the water.(Freeman, 1995)Soil pollution is defined as a phenomenon is which the soil loses its structure and fertility due to various natural and artificial reasons. Dumping of industrial wastes is one of the prime factors contributing towards soil pollution. Industrial wastes contain large amounts of various chemicals which get st ack away on the top layer of the soil, resulting in loss of fertility of the soil. Such loss of fertility ultimately results in changes in the ecological balances of the environment due to reduction in plant growth.(Freeman, 1995)Other Common EffectsCertain other common effects of industrial pollution include damagingconstruction sand structures, increasing the risk of various occupational hazards such as asbestosis, pneumoconiosis, among others.(Freeman, 1995)Pollution of Love CanalThe infamous case of the pollution of Love Canal, on Lake Erie in New York, brought environmental pollution to the public attention in the 1970s. From 1942 to 1953, several chemical companies dumped 20,000 metric tons of chemical waste at this site. In 1953 the land was sold to the local board of education, and the 99th Street School was constructed on the land. The school attracted families to the neighborhood, which grew to contain 800 single-family homes and 240 apartment units by 1978. Unfortunately, eighty different chemicals, including dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), started to leach through and through the soil, and residents began complaining of odd smells in their houses and experiencing many unexplainable health problems. The school was closed in August 1978, and the federal government contributed $10 million for the resettlement of 200 families ne arest the site. In 1980 President Carter sent additional funds, for the relocation of 700 more families.(Shen, 1999)ConclusionStrict Legislation is required to control Industrial Pollution. In England and Wales, pollution from industrial installations has been controlled to some extent for over 150 years. The Pollution Prevention and Control (England and Wales) Regulations 2000 (the PPC Regulations) were introduced under the Pollution Prevention and Control Act 1999 and strengthened on existing systems. The PPC Regulations replaced the pollution control regimes called Integrated Pollution Control (IPC) and Local Air Pollution Control which had been set up under fail I of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (EPA 1990). The PPC Regulations also transposed the Integrated Pollution and Prevention and Control Directive (now Directive 2008/1/EC) the IPPC Directive. The primary lease of the IPPC Directive is to ensure a high level of environmental protection and to prevent and where that is not practicable, to reduce emissions to acceptable levels. Separate legislative provisions are in place to transpose the IPPC Directive in Scotland, Northern Ireland and the offshore oil and gas industries.In America, federal laws stipulate that generators of hazardous waste are responsible for the proper storage and disposal chemicals from the cradle to the grave.(Department of Environment, 2009)Using environmentally-friendly products like Oil Gone Easy S-200 and supporting environmental conservation organizations are some steps that can be taken to curb industrial pollution.

The Red Tent: My Reaction :: essays research papers

In her book, The Red Tent, Anita Diamant attempts to expound upon the foundations laid by the Torah by way of midrashim. In doing so, part of her stories tend to stray from the original biblical text. The following essay will explore this and several other aspects of the book as they relate to the Torah and modern midrash. unmatch satisfactory of the first differences I recognized was the description of Leahs nitty-grittys. In Genesis 2917, Leahs eyes are described as weak. Diamant dispels this rumor, look that Leahs eyes, one blue and one green, made others weak because most quite a little had difficulty looking her in the face. By making this small adjustment, Diamant is able to create a connection between Jacob and Leah that the Bible neglects. The Bible says only that Jacob cognised Rachel more than Leah, which tends to give the impression that Leah was unloved. Diamant says that Jacob was able to look Leah in the eye without any trouble and never made any comment regarding them. This is significant because it shows that Jacob overlooked a flaw in Leah that most others seemed unable to ignore, and the physical attractive force between them that she later addressed in the seven days following their marriage (which was a single night in the Bible) seems to make more sense. In addition, their discussion in the tent concluding that Jacob was to emerge after the week feigning anger is a midrash provides an explanation as to why Jacob slept with Leah and still complained to Laban that he had been tricked. Diamant makes Jacob appear to be more of a gentleman than the Bible does, and thus, a more likeable main character in her novel.In The Red Tent, Diamant created people not mentioned in the Torah. One such person was Ruti, Labans last wife. Laban beat Ruti frightfully and frequently for no apparent reason. In Diamants book, Rutis fairly small role serves as a clear reason for the reader to dislike Laban. Until Ruti is introduced, besides being a drunk an d making love to sheep, we find Laban to be little more than pathetic. Including Ruti in the story adds another dimesion to Labans character one of cruelty and aggression. At this point, Diamant makes Laban begin to fit the novelistic bad guy mold quite well, and the reader finds him more repulsive than ever before. His daughters pay little attention to Ruti and ignore the evidence of their fathers abusiveness because Ruti is the have of their sons rivals, their material enemy.

Abraham Lincoln as a Dangerous Speaker Essay -- Presidents essays rese

Many people remember President Abraham capital of Nebraska as being a very gifted orator as well as a dignified leader of our country. Through his many speeches and writings, Abraham Lincoln captivated American minds and gained millions of followers. In Lincolns Perpetuation speech, given before the infantile Mens Lyceum of Springfield, Illinois, in 1838, Lincoln himself stated that our country was in great danger. He speaks of people such as Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar and Napoleon and therefore asks, Is it unreasonable to expect , that some man possessed of the loftiest genius, coupled with ambition sufficient to push it to its utmost stretch, will at some time, spring up among us? (Grafton, page 7). In this, he shares his fear that some man with great ambition and power could exist in this country who is non contented with just the power of the presidency and strive for to a greater extent than that. I believe that Lincoln had the power to be wiz of those people. When Lincolns orations and writings are carefully analyzed, one can see how he used his wit and intelligence to manipulate the American people. With his intelligence and im mense popularity, Lincoln could have easily been one of the men that he spoke of. He used his gift as an orator to get ahead and that, I believe, made him a threat to American society.Abraham Lincoln was a very popular man among the American people. He was there for the country through the Civil War, whether good or bad times. In the north-central he was the great emancipationist. Lincoln was loved by many, and he could have used this to his advantage. One reason that he was so loved was because he had the office to draw peoples attention with his speeches. After his assassination and the reaction of the American people, the fact that he was so loved was a surprise to some people in Washington. There was a three week funeral procession where Lincolns body was taken to the big cities by a special train so that the p eople could bemoan him. Democrat Charles Mason of Iowa thought the whole affair a political trick, like the crafty skill of Mark Antony in displaying to the Roman people the bloody chill of Caesar, (Donald, page 5). This analogy was made as an argument between political parties, but I think that it just shows how important Lincoln rattling was, being compared to the great Julius Caesar. It is widely believed that popular Preside... ...vement is wrong. Lincoln, however, when giving this speech doesnt come right out and say that he believes that they are wrong. In this way he gains more supporters by befriending them and not telling them straight out that they are wrong. At that point in time, Lincoln needed those votes. However, he got them by dishonest means. That really doesnt sound like the Honest Abe that all of the people knew and trusted.I believe that President Abraham Lincoln was a man with a lot of power. Lincoln was a very dangerous speaker. He could have easily used th is power and his ability as an orator to become one of those men that are not satisfied with just the presidency and could have tried to have more. I believe that for this reason, Lincoln was a threat to our society. However, the people did not realize this because he had them so entranced by his wonderful speeches and writings. At a normal glance, it looks as if there is nothing hidden in those speeches. When they are looked at a little more closely though, one can see how Lincoln used his immense talent to trick the people into supporting him. Through his beautifully crafted orations, Abraham Lincoln gained many followers.

Charles Darwins On the Origin of Species Essay -- Evolution Charles D

Charles Darwin in his book, On the Origin of Species, presents us with a theory of natural endurance. This theory is his attempt at an invoice on how the world and its species came to be the way that we know them now. Darwin writes on how through a process of millions of old age, through the effects of man and the effects of nature, species have had an current trial and error experiment. It is through these trials that the natural world has developed beneficial anomalies that at times seem too great to be the work of chance. Darwin writes on how a species will adapt to its environment given enough time. When an animal gains a genetic edge over its competitors, be they of the same species or of another(prenominal) genus altogether, the animal has increased its chance of either procreation or adaptation. When this animal has this beneficial variance, the advantage becomes his and because of this, the trait is whence passed on to the animals offspring. The theory of natur al selection is not limited to inheritable and beneficial variations of a species. It also relies a great deal on the population growth and death of a species. For a species to continue to exist it must make sure of a few things. It must first produce more offspring that survive. If this is not done then the species is obviously going to die off. It is also important for the species to propagate at such a rate as to allow for variance, for it is variance that will finally allow the animal to exist comfortably in his surroundings. In his studies, Darwin was led to understand that the species of the Brobdingnagianr genera in each country would oftener present varieties, than the species of the little genera (p. 55). Thus the larger species would adapt while the smaller one would not. And to quote Darwin again, if any one species does not become modified and improved in a corresponding degree with its competitors, it will soon be exterminated. (p. 102) Extinction, although not a s pleasant a concept as the idea of adapting to ones surroundings, plays just as large a role in natural selection as anything else. As one adaptation of a species proves beneficial, and as that variation begins to propagate, the original, less advantageous adaptation will die off. It is the unchanged species that are in immediate conflict with the species undergoing the natural adaptation that stand to suffer... ...was one hundred percent. Sometimes his arguments fell a little flat and at other times he sounded a bit trite as if he were challenging others to come up with a wear out answer. And in some ways I hope he was. In the meantime, however, I think he could have done a better job. I am an evolutionist. I have always been an evolutionist. For years now I have known the premise of Darwins theory of natural selection. And for years now I have blindly believed it. Having read his book, I can still say that I believe in evolution, and I believe in Darwins work. But if there was ever a doubt in my mind it was only because Darwin put it there. It is because of this that I truly think Darwin was fair in the utmost sense of the word. Had he not been fair, which he could have been, he could have made a most convincing argument. But he say every question in his theories and did his best to rebut. And I feel that in his rebuttal, he was convincing indeed.Work CitedDarwin, C. On the Origin of Species. Harvard University Press. Cambridge. 2003.Work ConsultedDesmond, A. & Moore, J. Darwin The Life of a Tormented Evolutionist. W.W. Norton & Company. New York. 1994

All The Kings Men :: essays papers

All The Kings Men All The Kings Men by Robert Penn Warren is a novel of how jacklight Burden finds himself. It was a long, political road for pitch and it was the letters of an old relative that gave him a new perspective of the orbit. It confused him at first, but in the passage I chose you can see what Jacks burden really is.Cass Mastern was an old relative of Jacks. Jack was doing his history dissertation on his life. During his life he spent time with a couple he was friends with. He slept with his friends wife and when he got word of this he killed himself. Cass Mastern felt terrible for what he had caused and enlisted in the confederate army. He made sure as shooting he stayed a private, and would not fight for he had killed his friend and must take punishment for his actions. He later was wounded and died from that wound. Jack was shocked at Casss life. This shock was because Cass Mastern lived for a few years and in that time he learned the world is all one piec e. He learned that the world is like an enormous spider web and if you touch it, however lightly, at any point, the vibration ripples to the remotest perimeter and the drowsy no more but springs appear to fling the gossamer coils about you who have touched the web and then inject the black numbing poison under your hide. It does not matter whether or not you meant to brush the web of things. Your happy foot or your gay wing may have brushed it ever so lightly, but what happens forever and a day happens and there is the spider, bearded black and with his great faceted eyes glittering like mirrors in the sun, or like Gods eye, and the fangs dripping.Jack couldnt accept the truth that your actions effect everyone and everything around you not just yourself. Even when these actions are meant for good, but they may have a bad effect on someone else and things can come back to haunt you. Jack had a very pessimistic view of the world. He would not accept any accountability for his acti ons. He left school with out a care, left his wife without a care, and was often very rude when he was back home.

Jungian Psychology and Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness Essay

As the Heart of Darkness snakes its way into the savage shadows of the African continent, Joseph Conrad exposes a psycho-geography of the collective unconscious mind in the entangling metaphoric realities of the serpentine Congo. Conrads novella descends into the unknowable darkness at the heart of Africa, taking its narrator, Marlow, on an underworld journey of individuation, a advanced odyssey toward the center of the Self and the center of the Earth. Ego dissolves into soul as, in the interior, Marlow encounters his double in the powerful image of ivory-obsessed Kurtz, the dark shadow of European imperialism. The dark supposition is graced by personifications of anima in Kurtz black goddess, the savagely magnificent consort of the underworld, and in his porcelain -skinned Persephone, innocent intended of the upperworld. Though Dr. Jungs discoveries were not known to Conrad, (Hayes, 43) who wrote this master track down betwixt 1898 and 1899, Heart of Darkness presents a lite rary metaphor of Jungian psychology. This paper explores the dark territory of Conrads Heart of Darkness as metaphor for the Jungian concepts of the personal and the collective unconscious, as a journey of individuation, a meeting with the anima, an encounter with the shadow, and a descent into the mythic underworld. Like Conrads Marlow, who is propelled toward his African destiny despite ample warning and foreboding, I have been drawn beyond the classic analysis of the Heart of Darkness, embarking down an uncharted tributary, scouting parallels between Marlows tale and Jungs own journeys to Africa, and seeking murky insight into the physical and the metaphorical impact of the dark continent on the language and the embellish of depth psychology. Africa,... ...Aniela Jaffe. New York Random House, 1989. Jung, C.G. Two Essays on Analytical Psychology. R.F.C. Hull. Bollingen Series XX. Princeton Princeton U. Press, 1977. Lord, George de Forest. Trials of the Self Heroic Ordeals in the Epic Tradition Hamden, Conn. Archon Books, 1983. McLynn, Frank. Hearts of Darkness The European Exploration of Africa. New York Carol & Gey, 1992. Mellard, James. Myth and Archetype in Heart of Darkness, Tennessee Studies in Literature 13 (1968) 1-15. Miller, David. Hells and Holy Ghosts A Theopoetics of Christian Belief. Nashville Abingdon Press, 1989. Smith, Evans Lansing. bungle and Revelation The Descent to the Underworld in Modernism. Lanham, Maryland University Press of America, 1990. Spivack, Charlotte. The Journey to Hell Satan, The Shadow, and the Self. Centennial Review 94 (1965) 420 - 437.